Microscopic theory of the nearest-neighbor valence bond sector of the spin-1/2 kagome antiferromagnet

TL;DR

This paper develops a microscopic theory for the spin-1/2 kagome antiferromagnet, revealing a competition between a $Z_2$ spin liquid and a diamond valence bond crystal, with implications for understanding its ground state nature.

Contribution

It introduces an advanced effective quantum dimer model including virtual singlet contributions, providing new insights into the ground state phases of the kagome antiferromagnet.

Findings

Identifies a competition between $Z_2$ spin liquid and valence bond crystal phases.

Predicts a transition between phases on cylinders of varying diameter.

Suggests the ground state involves long-range singlets if it is a quantum spin liquid.

Abstract

The spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice, which is closely realized in layered Mott insulators such as ZnCu$_3$(OH)$_6$Cl$_2$, is one of the oldest and most enigmatic spin-1/2 lattice model. While the numerical evidence has accumulated in favor of a quantum spin liquid, the debate is still open as to whether it is a $Z_2$ spin liquid with very short-range correlations (some kind of Resonating Valence Bond spin liquid), or an algebraic spin-liquid with power-law correlations. To address this issue, we have pushed the program started by Rokhsar and Kivelson in their derivation of the effective quantum dimer model description of Heisenberg models to unprecedented accuracy for the spin-1/2 kagome, by including all the most important virtual singlet contributions on top of the orthogonalization of the nearest-neighbor valence bond singlet basis. Quite remarkably, the resulting picture is a competition between a $Z_2$ spin liquid and a diamond valence bond crystal with a 12-site unit cell, as in the DMRG simulations of Yan, Huse and White. Furthermore, we found that, on cylinders of finite diameter $d$, there is a transition between the $Z_2$ spin liquid at small $d$ and the diamond valence bond crystal at large $d$, the prediction of the present microscopic description for the 2D lattice. These results show that, if the ground state of the spin-1/2 kagome antiferromagnet can be described by nearest-neighbor singlet dimers, it is a diamond valence bond crystal, and, a contrario, that, if the system is a quantum spin liquid, it has to involve long-range singlets, consistent with the algebraic spin liquid scenario.