The Anatomy of the Column Density Probability Distribution Function (N-PDF)

TL;DR

This paper investigates the detailed structure of the column density probability distribution function (N-PDF) in giant molecular clouds, combining observations and simulations to understand its components and their origins.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the N-PDF anatomy, validating an analytic transition point, and emphasizes the importance of combining N-PDF analysis with dendrograms for better insights.

Findings

The power-law part of the N-PDF is a sum of substructure PDFs.

The analytic transition point is applicable to observations and simulations.

Lognormal component is hard to constrain due to map area choices.

Abstract

The column density probability distribution function (N-PDF) of GMCs has been used as a diagnostic of star formation. Simulations and analytic predictions have suggested the N-PDF is composed of a low density lognormal component and a high density power-law component, tracing turbulence and gravitational collapse, respectively. In this paper, we study how various properties of the true 2D column density distribution create the shape, or "anatomy" of the PDF. We test our ideas and analytic approaches using both a real, observed, PDF based on Herschel observations of dust emission as well as a simulation that uses the ENZO code. Using a dendrogram analysis, we examine the three main components of the N-PDF: the lognormal component, the power-law component, and the transition point between these two components. We find that the power-law component of an N-PDF is the summation of N-PDFs of power-law substructures identified by the dendrogram algorithm. We also find that the analytic solution to the transition point between lognormal and power-law components proposed by Burkhart, Stalpes & Collins (2017) is applicable when tested on observations and simulations, within the uncertainties. We reconfirm and extend the results of Lombardi, Alves & Lada (2015), which stated that the lognormal component of the N-PDF is difficult to constrain due to the artificial choice of the map area. Based on the resulting anatomy of the N-PDF, we suggest avoiding analyzing the column density structures of a star forming region based solely on fits to the lognormal component of an N-PDF. We also suggest applying the N-PDF analysis in combination with the dendrogram algorithm, to obtain a more complete picture of the global and local environments and their effects on the density structures.