Active Galactic Nuclei with a Low-Metallicity Narrow-Line Region

TL;DR

This study identifies low-metallicity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) using the BPT diagram, demonstrating that over 60% of BPT-valley objects are indeed low-metallicity AGNs, thus validating the diagram as an effective search tool.

Contribution

The paper provides empirical evidence that the BPT diagram effectively isolates low-metallicity AGNs, with a systematic analysis of SDSS data confirming the method's reliability.

Findings

Over 60% of BPT-valley objects are low-metallicity AGNs.

BPT diagram is an efficient tool for finding low-metallicity AGNs.

Most BPT-valley AGNs do not have high gas density or ionization parameter.

Abstract

Low-metallicity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are interesting to study the early phase of the AGN evolution. However most AGNs are chemically matured and accordingly low-metallicity AGNs are extremely rare. One approach to search for low-metallicity AGNs systematically is utilizing the so-called BPT diagram that consists of the [O III]$\lambda$5007/H$\beta$$\lambda4861$ and [N II]$\lambda6584$/H$\alpha$$\lambda6563$ flux ratios. Specifically, photoionization models predict that low-metallicity AGNs show a high [O III]$\lambda$5007/H$\beta$$\lambda$4861 ratio and a relatively low [N II]$\lambda$6584/H$\alpha$$\lambda$6563 ratio, that corresponds to the location between the sequence of star-forming galaxies and that of usual AGNs on the BPT diagram (hereafter "the BPT valley"). However, other populations of galaxies such as star-forming galaxies and AGNs with a high electron density or a high ionization parameter could be also located in the BPT valley, not only low-metallicity AGNs. In this paper, we examine whether most of emission-line galaxies at the BPT valley are low-metallicity AGNs or not. We select 70 BPT-valley objects from 212,866 emission line galaxies obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Among the 70 BPT-valley objects, 43 objects show firm evidence of the AGN activity; i.e., the He II$\lambda$4686 emission and/or weak but significant broad H$\alpha$ emission. Our analysis shows that those 43 BPT-valley AGNs are not characterized by a very high gas density nor ionization parameter, inferring that at least 43 among 70 BPT-valley objects (i.e., $>60$ %) are low-metallicity AGNs. This suggests that the BPT diagram is an efficient tool to search for low-metallicity AGNs.