Analytical methods for vacuum simulations in high energy accelerators for future machines based on the LHC performance

TL;DR

This paper introduces an analytical model and a computer code for simulating vacuum conditions in future high-energy accelerators like the FCC, based on LHC data, to aid in designing stable vacuum systems.

Contribution

It presents a novel analytical model and a computational tool, PyVASCO, for simulating gas dynamics in accelerator beam pipes, supporting vacuum system design for future colliders.

Findings

Model validated against LHC gauge data

Supports evaluation of different FCC vacuum designs

Provides detailed gas density distribution analysis

Abstract

The Future Circular Collider (FCC), currently in the design phase, will address many outstanding questions in particle physics. The technology to succeed in this 100 km circumference collider goes beyond present limits. Ultra-high vacuum conditions in the beam pipe is one essential requirement to provide a smooth operation. Different physics phenomena as photon-, ion- and electron- induced desorption and thermal outgassing of the chamber walls challenge this requirement. This paper presents an analytical model and a computer code PyVASCO that supports the design of a stable vacuum system by providing an overview of all the gas dynamics happening inside the beam pipes. A mass balance equation system describes the density distribution of the four dominating gas species $\text{H}_2, \text{CH}_4$, $\text{CO}$ and $\text{CO}_2$. An appropriate solving algorithm is discussed in detail and a validation of the model including a comparison of the output to the readings of LHC gauges is presented. This enables the evaluation of different designs for the FCC.