Thermalization near integrability in a dipolar quantum Newton's cradle

TL;DR

This study investigates how a dipolar quantum Newton's cradle transitions from integrable to thermalizing behavior, revealing a two-step thermalization process with experimental and theoretical insights into the underlying mechanisms.

Contribution

First experimental demonstration of two-step thermalization in a strongly interacting near-integrable quantum system with tunable dipolar interactions.

Findings

Thermalization occurs in two stages: prethermalization and exponential thermalization.

The thermalization rate matches a parameter-free theoretical estimate.

Tunable dipolar interactions allow exploration of integrable to nonintegrable dynamics.

Abstract

Isolated quantum many-body systems with integrable dynamics generically do not thermalize when taken far from equilibrium. As one perturbs such systems away from the integrable point, thermalization sets in, but the nature of the crossover from integrable to thermalizing behavior is an unresolved and actively discussed question. We explore this question by studying the dynamics of the momentum distribution function in a dipolar quantum Newton's cradle consisting of highly magnetic dysprosium atoms. This is accomplished by creating the first one-dimensional Bose gas with strong magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. These interactions provide tunability of both the strength of the integrability-breaking perturbation and the nature of the near-integrable dynamics. We provide the first experimental evidence that thermalization close to a strongly interacting integrable point occurs in two steps: prethermalization followed by near-exponential thermalization. Exact numerical calculations on a two-rung lattice model yield a similar two-timescale process, suggesting that this is generic in strongly interacting near-integrable models. Moreover, the measured thermalization rate is consistent with a parameter-free theoretical estimate, based on identifying the types of collisions that dominate thermalization. By providing tunability between regimes of integrable and nonintegrable dynamics, our work sheds light both on the mechanisms by which isolated quantum many-body systems thermalize, and on the temporal structure of the onset of thermalization.