Relativistic Theory of the Falling Retroreflector Gravimeter

TL;DR

This paper presents a relativistic model of a falling retroreflector gravimeter, accounting for effects like Lorentz contraction and light propagation, and shows that these effects significantly influence gravity measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a relativistic framework for analyzing falling retroreflector gravimeters, providing a correction for light propagation effects that improves measurement accuracy.

Findings

Relativistic effects cause measurable corrections in gravity readings.

The correction can be several microgals, comparable to other geophysical corrections.

The derived correction aligns with experimental data.

Abstract

We develop a relativistic treatment of interference between light reflected from a falling cube retroreflector in the vertical arm of an interferometer, and light in a reference beam in the horizontal arm. Coordinates that are nearly Minkowskian, attached to the falling cube, are used to describe the propagation of light within the cube. Relativistic effects such as the dependence of the coordinate speed of light on gravitational potential, propagation of light along null geodesics, relativity of simultaneity, and Lorentz contraction of the moving cube, are accounted for. The calculation is carried to first order in the gradient of the acceleration of gravity. Analysis of data from a falling cube gravimeter shows that the propagation time of light within the cube itself causes a significant reduction in the value of the acceleration of gravity obtained from measurements, compared to assuming reflection occurs at the face. An expression for the correction to the acceleration of gravity is derived and found to agree with experiment. Depending on the instrument, the correction can be several microgals, comparable to commonly applied corrections such as those due to polar motion and earth tides. The controversial "speed of light" correction is discussed.