Sizing up the population of gamma-ray binaries

TL;DR

This study estimates approximately 101 gamma-ray binaries in our Galaxy, evaluates detection prospects across gamma-ray surveys, and highlights the importance of continued Fermi-LAT observations for discovering these systems.

Contribution

The paper provides the first population estimate of gamma-ray binaries in the Galaxy and assesses detection probabilities with current and future gamma-ray observatories.

Findings

Estimated total of 101 gamma-ray binaries in the Galaxy.

Fermi-LAT surveys are most promising for new detections.

Ground-based TeV surveys have lower detection likelihood.

Abstract

Gamma-ray binaries are thought to be composed of a young pulsar in orbit around a massive O or Be star, with their gamma-ray emission powered by pulsar spindown. The number of such systems in our Galaxy is not known. We aim to estimate the total number of gamma-ray binaries in our Galaxy and to evaluate the prospects for new detections in the GeV and TeV energy range, taking into account that their gamma-ray emission is modulated on the orbital period. We model the population of gamma-ray binaries and evaluate the fraction of detected systems in surveys with the Fermi-LAT (GeV), HESS, HAWC and CTA (TeV) using observation-based and synthetic template lightcurves. The detected fraction depends more on the orbit-average flux than on the lightcurve shape. Our best estimate for the number of gamma-ray binaries is 101$_{-52}^{+89}$ systems. A handful of discoveries are expected by pursuing the Fermi-LAT survey. Discoveries in TeV surveys are less likely. However, this depends on the relative amounts of power emitted in GeV and TeV domains. There could be as many as $\approx$200 HESS J0632+057-like systems with a high ratio of TeV to GeV emission compared to other gamma-ray binaries. Statistics allow for as many as three discoveries in five years of HAWC observations and five discoveries in the first two years of the CTA Galactic Plane survey. Continued Fermi-LAT observations are favoured over ground-based TeV surveys to find new gamma-ray binaries. Gamma-ray observations are most sensitive to short orbital period systems with a high spindown pulsar power. Radio pulsar surveys (SKA) are likely to be more efficient in detecting long orbital period systems, providing a complementary probe into the gamma-ray binary population.