Marginally bound (critical) geodesics of rapidly rotating black holes

TL;DR

This paper derives an analytical formula for the radii of marginally bound spherical geodesics in rapidly rotating Kerr black holes, revealing a critical inclination angle that distinguishes different orbital properties.

Contribution

It provides the first closed-form expression for non-equatorial marginally bound geodesics in Kerr spacetime, extending previous equatorial-only results.

Findings

Derived a simple analytical formula for $r_{mb}$ in rapidly rotating Kerr black holes.

Identified a critical inclination angle $\, ext{cos}\,i=\sqrt{2/3}$ that marks a transition in geodesic properties.

Showed that the radii approach the horizon or remain finite depending on the inclination angle.

Abstract

One of the most important geodesics in a black-hole spacetime is the marginally bound spherical orbit. This critical geodesic represents the innermost spherical orbit which is bound to the central black hole. The radii $r_{\text{mb}}({\bar a})$ of the marginally bound {\it equatorial} circular geodesics of rotating Kerr black holes were found analytically by Bardeen {\it et. al.} more than four decades ago (here $\bar a\equiv J/M^2$ is the dimensionless angular-momentum of the black hole). On the other hand, no closed-form formula exists in the literature for the radii of generic ({\it non}-equatorial) marginally bound geodesics of the rotating Kerr spacetime. In the present study we analyze the critical (marginally bound) orbits of rapidly rotating Kerr black holes. In particular, we derive a simple {\it analytical} formula for the radii $r_{\text{mb}}(\bar a\simeq 1;\cos i)$ of the marginally bound spherical orbits, where $\cos i$ is an effective inclination angle (with respect to the black-hole equatorial plane) of the geodesic. We find that the marginally bound spherical orbits of rapidly-rotating black holes are characterized by a critical inclination angle, $\cos i=\sqrt{{2/3}}$, above which the coordinate radii of the geodesics approach the black-hole radius in the extremal $\bar a\to1$ limit. It is shown that this critical inclination angle signals a transition in the physical properties of the orbits: in particular, it separates marginally bound spherical geodesics which lie a finite proper distance from the black-hole horizon from marginally bound geodesics which lie an infinite proper distance from the horizon.