Rosette nebula globules: Seahorse giving birth to a star

TL;DR

This study investigates small globules in the Rosette Nebula, revealing star formation activity, outflows, and young stellar objects within the globules through multi-wavelength observations.

Contribution

First detailed multi-wavelength analysis of globules in the Rosette Nebula, identifying star formation and outflows in small globules.

Findings

Detected outflows originating from embedded Class I YSOs.

Measured high densities (~4.6×10^4 cm^-3) in globules.

Identified several NIR excess candidates indicating star formation.

Abstract

The Rosette Nebula is an HII region ionized mainly by the stellar cluster NGC 2244. Elephant trunks, globules, and globulettes are seen at the interface where the HII region and the surrounding molecular shell meet. We have observed a field in the northwestern part of the Rosette Nebula where we study the small globules protruding from the shell. Our aim is to measure their properties and study their star formation history in continuation of our earlier study of the features of the region. We imaged the region in broadband near-infrared (NIR) JsHKs filters and narrowband H2 1-0 S(1), P$\beta$, and continuum filters using the SOFI camera at the ESO/NTT. The imaging was used to study the stellar population and surface brightness, create visual extinction maps, and locate star formation. Mid-infrared (MIR) Spitzer IRAC and WISE and optical NOT images were used to further study the star formation and the structure of the globules. The NIR and MIR observations indicate an outflow, which is confirmed with CO observations made with APEX. The globules have mean number densities of ~$4.6\times10^4 \rm cm^{-3}$. P$\beta$ is seen in absorption in the cores of the globules where we measure visual extinctions of 11-16 mag. The shell and the globules have bright rims in the observed bands. In the Ks band 20 to 40% of the emission is due to fluorescent emission in the 2.12 $\mu$m H2 line similar to the tiny dense globulettes we studied earlier in a nearby region. We identify several stellar NIR excess candidates and four of them are also detected in the Spitzer IRAC 8.0 $\mu$m image and studied further. We find an outflow with a cavity wall bright in the 2.124 $\mu$m H2 line and at 8.0 $\mu$m in one of the globules. The outflow originates from a Class I young stellar object (YSO) embedded deep inside the globule. An H$\alpha$ image suggests the YSO drives a possible parsec-scale outflow. (abridged)