Computational complexity and 3-manifolds and zombies

TL;DR

This paper proves the computational hardness of counting and deciding homomorphisms from the fundamental group of 3-manifolds to finite simple groups, linking topological complexity with quantum computation-inspired constructions.

Contribution

It establishes #P-completeness and NP-completeness results for homomorphism counting and existence problems in 3-manifold topology, using constructions inspired by topological quantum computation.

Findings

Counting homomorphisms is #P-complete.

Deciding non-trivial homomorphisms is NP-complete.

Connected m-sheeted coverings decision is NP-complete for fixed m ≥ 5.

Abstract

We show the problem of counting homomorphisms from the fundamental group of a homology $3$-sphere $M$ to a finite, non-abelian simple group $G$ is #P-complete, in the case that $G$ is fixed and $M$ is the computational input. Similarly, deciding if there is a non-trivial homomorphism is NP-complete. In both reductions, we can guarantee that every non-trivial homomorphism is a surjection. As a corollary, for any fixed integer $m \ge 5$, it is NP-complete to decide whether $M$ admits a connected $m$-sheeted covering. Our construction is inspired by universality results in topological quantum computation. Given a classical reversible circuit $C$, we construct $M$ so that evaluations of $C$ with certain initialization and finalization conditions correspond to homomorphisms $\pi_1(M) \to G$. An intermediate state of $C$ likewise corresponds to a homomorphism $\pi_1(\Sigma_g) \to G$, where $\Sigma_g$ is a pointed Heegaard surface of $M$ of genus $g$. We analyze the action on these homomorphisms by the pointed mapping class group $\text{MCG}_*(\Sigma_g)$ and its Torelli subgroup $\text{Tor}_*(\Sigma_g)$. By results of Dunfield-Thurston, the action of $\text{MCG}_*(\Sigma_g)$ is as large as possible when $g$ is sufficiently large; we can pass to the Torelli group using the congruence subgroup property of $\text{Sp}(2g,\mathbb{Z})$. Our results can be interpreted as a sharp classical universality property of an associated combinatorial $(2+1)$-dimensional TQFT.