On the mass and luminosity functions of tidal disruption flares: rate suppression due to black hole event horizons

TL;DR

This paper tests the prediction that black hole event horizons suppress tidal disruption flare rates, confirming this effect statistically and explaining the low observed rates for high-mass black holes, while also deriving the optical luminosity function.

Contribution

It provides the first optical luminosity function for TDFs and confirms rate suppression due to black hole captures as the key factor in observed flare distributions.

Findings

Rate suppression explains the scarcity of high-mass black hole TDFs.

The optical luminosity function follows a steep power law with index -2.5.

The mean TDF rate per galaxy is about 10^-4 per year, matching theoretical predictions.

Abstract

The tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole is expected to yield a luminous flare of thermal emission. About two dozen of these stellar tidal disruption flares (TDFs) may have been detected in optical transient surveys. However, explaining the observed properties of these events within the tidal disruption paradigm is not yet possible. This theoretical ambiguity has led some authors to suggest that optical TDFs are due to a different process, such as a nuclear supernova or accretion disk instabilities. Here we present a test of a fundamental prediction of the tidal disruption event scenario: a suppression of the flare rate due to the direct capture of stars by the black hole. Using a recently compiled sample of candidate TDFs with black hole mass measurements, plus a careful treatment of selection effects in this flux-limited sample, we confirm that the dearth of observed TDFs from high-mass black holes is statistically significant. All the TDF impostor models we consider fail to explain the observed mass function; the only scenario that fits the data is a suppression of the rate due to direct captures. We find that this suppression can explain the low volumetric rate of the luminous TDF candidate ASASSN-15lh, thus supporting the hypothesis that this flare belongs to the TDF family. Our work is the first to present the optical TDF luminosity function. A steep power law is required to explain the observed rest-frame g-band luminosity, $dN/dL_{g} \propto L_{g}^{-2.5}$. The mean event rate of the flares in our sample is about $1 \times10^{-4}$ per galaxy per year, consistent with the theoretically expected tidal disruption rate.