Dispersion Measure Variation of Repeating Fast Radio Burst Sources

TL;DR

This paper investigates potential astrophysical causes of dispersion measure (DM) variations in repeating fast radio burst (FRB) sources, emphasizing local effects over cosmological influences, and discusses how future observations can reveal the physical nature of these sources.

Contribution

It systematically analyzes various astrophysical processes that could cause DM variations in repeating FRBs, highlighting the significance of local environments and proposing observational strategies.

Findings

Large-scale structure effects on DM are negligible.

Local environments like supernova remnants can cause increasing DM.

Plasma lensing can produce both positive and negative DM variations.

Abstract

The repeating fast radio burst (FRB) 121102 was recently localized in a dwarf galaxy at a cosmological distance. The dispersion measure (DM) derived for each burst from FRB 121102 so far has not shown significant evolution, even though an apparent increase was recently seen with newly detected VLA bursts. It is expected that more repeating FRB sources may be detected in the future. In this work, we investigate a list of possible astrophysical processes that might cause DM variation of a particular FRB source. The processes include (1) the cosmological scale effects such as Hubble expansion and large-scale structure fluctuations; (2) the FRB local effects such as gas density fluctuation, expansion of a supernova remnant, a pulsar wind nebula, and an HII region; and (3) the propagation effect due to plasma lensing. We find that the DM variations contributed by the large-scale structure are extremely small, and any observable DM variation is likely caused by the plasma local to the FRB source. Besides mechanisms that produce decreasing DM with time, we suggest that an FRB source in an expanding supernova remnant around a nearly neutral ambient medium during the deceleration (Sedov-Taylor and snowplow) phases or in a growing HII region can introduce DM increasing. Some effects (e.g. an FRB source moving in an HII region or plasma lensing) can give either positive or negative DM variations. Future observations of DM variations of FRB 121102 and other repeating FRB sources can bring important clues for the physical origin of these sources.