Testing and improving shear viscous phase space correction models

TL;DR

This paper evaluates various shear viscous phase space correction models against kinetic theory for a 1D expanding gas, identifying the most accurate models at different stages and proposing improvements for positivity and temporal information inclusion.

Contribution

It systematically compares correction models using kinetic theory, highlighting the most accurate models at different times and viscosities, and introduces methods to enhance model positivity and accuracy.

Findings

SR form is most accurate at early times.

Self-consistent kinetic corrections perform best at late times.

Exponentiation improves positivity of viscous correction models.

Abstract

Comparison of hydrodynamic calculations with experimental data inevitably requires a model for converting the fluid to particles. In this work, nonlinear $2\to 2$ kinetic theory is used to assess the overall accuracy of various shear viscous fluid-to-particle conversion models, such as the quadratic Grad corrections, the Strickland-Romatschke (SR) ansatz, self-consistent shear corrections from linearized kinetic theory, and the correction from the relaxation time approach. We test how well the conversion models can reconstruct, using solely the hydrodynamic fields computed from the transport, the phase space density for a massless one-component gas undergoing a 0+1D longitudinal boost-invariant expansion with approximately constant specific shear viscosity in the range $\sim 0.03 \le \eta/s \le \sim 0.2$. In general we find that at early times the SR form is the most accurate, whereas at late times or for small $\eta/s\sim 0.05$ the self-consistent corrections from kinetic theory perform the best. In addition, we show that the reconstruction accuracy of additive shear viscous $f = f_{\rm eq} + \delta f$ models dramatically improves if one ensures, through "exponentiation", that $f$ is always positive. We also illustrate how even more accurate viscous $\delta f$ models can be constructed if one includes information about the past evolution of the system via the first time derivative of hydrodynamic fields. Such time derivatives are readily available in hydrodynamic simulations, though usually not included in the output.