# Non-optimality of the Greedy Algorithm for subspace orderings in the method of alternating projections

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the limitations of the greedy algorithm for ordering subspaces in the method of alternating projections, showing it is not generally optimal and relating the problem to the NP-hard Traveling Salesman Problem.

## Contribution

It proves the non-optimality of the greedy algorithm for subspace ordering and establishes bounds on its performance relative to the optimal solution.

## Key findings

- Greedy algorithm is not generally optimal for subspace ordering.
- Optimal ordering problem relates to NP-hard Traveling Salesman Problem.
- Constructs Hilbert spaces with prescribed Friedrichs numbers based on arbitrary matrices.

## Abstract

The method of alternating projections involves projecting an element of a Hilbert space cyclically onto a collection of closed subspaces. It is known that the resulting sequence always converges in norm and that one can obtain estimates for the rate of convergence in terms of quantities describing the geometric relationship between the subspaces in question, namely their pairwise Friedrichs numbers. We consider the question of how best to order a given collection of subspaces so as to obtain the best estimate on the rate of convergence. We prove, by relating the ordering problem to a variant of the famous Travelling Salesman Problem, that correctness of a natural form of the Greedy Algorithm would imply that $\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}$, before presenting a simple example which shows that, contrary to a claim made in the influential paper [Kayalar-Weinert, Math. Control Signals Systems, vol. 1(1), 1988], the result of the Greedy Algorithm is not in general optimal. We go on to establish sharp estimates on the degree to which the result of the Greedy Algorithm can differ from the optimal result. Underlying all of these results is a construction which shows that for any matrix whose entries satisfy certain natural assumptions it is possible to construct a Hilbert space and a collection of closed subspaces such that the pairwise Friedrichs numbers between the subspaces are given precisely by the entries of that matrix.