# A sidewall friction driven ordering transition in granular channel flows: Implications for granular rheology

## TL;DR

This study reveals a transition from disordered to ordered granular flow in inclined channels driven by sidewall friction, significantly impacting local rheology and packing, with implications for understanding granular material behavior.

## Contribution

It demonstrates how sidewall friction induces ordering in granular flows and develops a model linking local ordering to rheological properties.

## Key findings

- Higher sidewall friction leads to ordered layering and hexagonal packing.
- Ordered states exhibit lower effective friction and higher packing density.
- A model incorporating local order explains the rheology changes.

## Abstract

We report a transition from a disordered state to an ordered state in the flow of nearly mono-disperse granular matter flowing in an inclined channel with a bumpy base, in discrete element method simulations. For low particle-sidewall friction coefficients, the particles are disordered and the Bagnold velocity profile is obtained. However, for high sidewall friction, an ordered state is obtained, characterized by a layering of the particles and hexagonal packing of the particles in each layer. The extent of ordering, quantified by the local bond-orientational order parameter, varies in the cross- section of the channel, with the highest ordering near the side walls. The flow transition significantly affects the local rheology: the effective friction coefficient is lower, and the packing fraction is higher, in the ordered state compared to the disordered state. A simple model, incorporating the extent of local ordering, is shown to describe the rheology of the system.