# Millimeter-wave interconnects for microwave-frequency quantum machines

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a superconducting circuit-based four-wave mixing converter to interconvert microwave and millimeter-wave photons, aiming to enable high-rate, low-loss quantum links over long distances, with minimal energy dissipation.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel four-wave mixing approach for microwave to mm-wave conversion, analyzes its quantum dynamics, and designs an optimal, low-loss circuit for scalable quantum communication.

## Key findings

- Theoretical upper bound on nonlinear coupling in lossless circuits.
- Designed a circuit saturating the coupling bound with minimal energy dissipation.
- Demonstrated viability for quantum interconnects in data centers.

## Abstract

Superconducting microwave circuits form a versatile platform for storing and manipulating quantum information. A major challenge to further scalability is to find approaches for connecting these systems over long distances and at high rates. One approach is to convert the quantum state of a microwave circuit to optical photons that can be transmitted over kilometers at room temperature with little loss. Many proposals for electro-optic conversion between microwave and optics use optical driving of a weak three-wave mixing nonlinearity to convert the frequency of an excitation. Residual absorption of this optical pump leads to heating, which is problematic at cryogenic temperatures. Here we propose an alternative approach where a nonlinear superconducting circuit is driven to interconvert between microwave-frequency and millimeter-wave-frequency (300 GHz) photons. To understand the potential for quantum conversion between microwave and mm-wave photons, we consider the driven four-wave mixing quantum dynamics of nonlinear circuits. In contrast to the linear dynamics of the driven three-wave mixing converters, the proposed four-wave mixing converter has nonlinear decoherence channels that lead to a more complex parameter space of couplings and pump powers that we map out. We consider physical realizations of such converter circuits by deriving theoretically the upper bound on the maximum obtainable nonlinear coupling between any two modes in a lossless circuit, and synthesizing an optimal circuit based on realistic materials that saturates this bound. Our proposed circuit dissipates less than $10^{-9}$ times the energy of current electro-optic converters per qubit. Finally, we outline the quantum link budget for optical, microwave, and mm-wave connections, showing that our approach is viable for realizing interconnected quantum processors for intracity or quantum datacenter environments.