# Universal fluctuations of Floquet topological invariants at low frequencies

## TL;DR

This paper reveals that Floquet topological invariants in low-frequency driven systems exhibit universal Gaussian fluctuations with a width scaling as 1/√Ω, indicating structured universal behavior even near the adiabatic limit.

## Contribution

It demonstrates analytically and numerically that topological invariants in low-frequency Floquet systems fluctuate universally, with a Gaussian distribution and a specific scaling law.

## Key findings

- Topological invariants follow a Gaussian distribution at low frequencies.
- The width of fluctuations scales as 1/√Ω.
- The quasienergy gap remains finite and scales as Ω².

## Abstract

We study the low-frequency dynamics of periodically driven one-dimensional systems hosting Floquet topological phases. We show, both analytically and numerically, in the low-frequency limit $\Omega\to0$, the topological invariants of a chirally-symmetric driven system exhibit universal fluctuations. While the topological invariants in this limit nearly vanish on average over a small range of frequencies, we find that they follow a universal Gaussian distribution with a width that scales as $1/\sqrt{\Omega}$. We explain this scaling based on a diffusive structure of the winding numbers of the Floquet-Bloch evolution operator at low frequency. We also find that the maximum quasienergy gap remains finite and scales as $\Omega^2$. Thus, we argue that the adiabatic limit of a Floquet topological insulator is highly structured, with universal fluctuations persisting down to very low frequencies.