# Effective Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy

## TL;DR

This paper estimates the magnitude of the cosmological constant and dark energy using two different theoretical approaches, finding consistent results that align with observations, and proposes that dark energy quanta are extended, non-local entities obeying infinite statistics.

## Contribution

It introduces two novel methods for estimating dark energy, combining unimodular gravity, causal set theory, spacetime foam, and holography, and suggests dark energy quanta obey infinite statistics.

## Key findings

- Results agree with observational data.
- Dark energy quanta outnumber ordinary particles by a factor of ~10^{30}.
- Proposes non-local, extended quanta obeying infinite statistics.

## Abstract

Two very different methods are used to estimate the magnitude of the effective cosmological constant / dark energy (for the present cosmic epoch). Their results agree with each other and are in agreement with observations. One method makes use of unimodular gravity and causal set theory, while the other one employs arguments involving spacetime foam and holography. I also motivate and discuss the possibility that quanta of (both) dark energy (and dark matter in the Modified Dark Matter model) are extended/non-local, obeying infinite statistics, also known as quantum Boltzmann statistics. Such quanta out-number ordinary particles obeying Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics by a factor of $\sim 10^{30}$.