# Ultra-low-energy Electric field-induced Magnetization Switching in Multiferroic Heterostructures

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in electric field-induced magnetization switching in multiferroic heterostructures, highlighting new phenomena, dynamics, and performance metrics relevant for low-energy magnetic memory technologies.

## Contribution

It introduces novel insights into magnetization dynamics without potential tilting, and evaluates switching performance metrics in multiferroic heterostructures with various coupling mechanisms.

## Key findings

- Magnetization can switch without potential tilting due to out-of-plane excursions.
- Switching dynamics are influenced by interface coupling and exchange interactions.
- Performance metrics like delay and energy dissipation are promising for applications.

## Abstract

Electric field-induced magnetization switching in multiferroics is intriguing for both fundamental studies and potential technological applications. Here, we review the recent developments on electric field-induced magnetization switching in multiferroic heterostructures. Particularly, we study the dynamics of magnetization switching between the two stable states in a shape-anisotropic single-domain nanomagnet using stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation in the presence of thermal fluctuations. For magnetostrictive nanomagnets in strain-coupled multiferroic composites, such study of magnetization dynamics, contrary to steady-state scenario, revealed intriguing new phenomena on binary switching mechanism. While the traditional method of binary switching requires to tilt the potential profile to the desired state of switching, we show that no such tilting is necessary to switch successfully since the magnetization's excursion out of magnet's plane can generate a built-in asymmetry during switching. We also study the switching dynamics in multiferroic heterostructures having magnetoelectric coupling at the interface and magnetic exchange coupling that can facilitate to maintain the direction of switching with the polarity of the applied electric field. We calculate the performance metrics like switching delay and energy dissipation during switching while simulating LLG dynamics. The performance metrics turn out to be very encouraging for potential technological applications.