# How mutation alters fitness of cooperation in networked evolutionary games

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how strategy mutations influence the evolution of cooperation in networked populations, revealing that mutations generally hinder cooperation and impact different network structures uniquely.

## Contribution

It extends the AGoS metric to include stochastic mutations, providing new insights into their negative effects on cooperation across various network structures.

## Key findings

- Mutation consistently reduces cooperation levels.
- Mutation impacts vary across different network structures.
- Mutations negatively influence the evolutionary stability of cooperation.

## Abstract

Cooperation is ubiquitous in every level of living organisms. It is known that spatial (network) structure is a viable mechanism for cooperation to evolve. Until recently, it has been difficult to predict whether cooperation can evolve at a network (population) level. To address this problem, Pinheiro et al. proposed a numerical metric, called Average Gradient of Selection (AGoS) in 2012. AGoS can characterize and forecast the evolutionary fate of cooperation at a population level. However, stochastic mutation of strategies was not considered in the analysis of AGoS. Here we analyzed the evolution of cooperation using AGoS where mutation may occur to strategies of individuals in networks. Our analyses revealed that mutation always has a negative effect on the evolution of cooperation regardless of the fraction of cooperators and network structures. Moreover, we found that mutation affects the fitness of cooperation differently on different social network structures.