# Dy$^{3+}$-doped Yttrium Complex Molecular Crystals for Two-color Thermometry in Heterogeneous Materials

## TL;DR

This study develops Dy$^{3+}$-doped yttrium complexes as two-color thermometry phosphors, characterizing their temperature-dependent photoluminescence to identify materials with optimal thermal stability for use in heterogeneous materials.

## Contribution

The paper introduces new Dy$^{3+}$-doped yttrium complexes for two-color thermometry and analyzes their thermal quenching behavior and photoluminescence properties, highlighting the superior performance of Dy:Y(acac)$_3$(DPEPO).

## Key findings

- Longer room temperature lifetimes correlate with resistance to thermal quenching.
- Dy:Y(acac)$_3$(DPEPO) exhibits the best thermal performance among tested complexes.
- Rigid DPEPO structure enhances energy transfer and reduces non-radiative losses.

## Abstract

We develop Dy$^{3+}$-doped yttrium complexes for use as two-color thermometry (TCT) phosphor molecular crystals in heterogeneous materials. These complexes include: Dy:Y(acac)$_3$(phen), Dy:Y(hfa)$_3$(DPEPO), Dy:Y(4-BBA)$_3$(TPPO), Dy:Y(acac)$_3$, and Dy:Y(acac)$_3$(DPEPO), where the Dy/Y ratio is 1:9. We characterize the materials' photoluminescence at different temperatures to determine the TCT calibration parameters and the degree to which thermal quenching influences the emission. From this data we observe a link between the excited state lifetime at room temperature and the degree to which the material is susceptible to thermal quenching (i.e. materials having long room temperature lifetimes are more resistant to thermal quenching than materials with short room temperature lifetimes). Of the five complexes tested we find that Dy:Y(acac)$_3$(DPEPO) has the best thermal performance, with the most likely source of improvement being DPEPO's compact rigid structure. This rigidity helps with energy transfer to the Dy$^{3+}$ ion, suppresses non-radiative loss modes, and reduces exciplex formation.