# Bang-Bang Optimal Control of Large Spin Systems: Enhancement of $^{13}$C-$^{13}$C Singlet-Order at Natural Abundance

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a Bang-Bang optimal control method to significantly enhance singlet order in natural abundance $^{13}$C-$^{13}$C spin pairs, leading to improved sensitivity and reduced experimental time in NMR spectroscopy.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel application of Bang-Bang optimal control for polarization transfer in large spin systems, achieving substantial enhancement of singlet order and efficiency over standard methods.

## Key findings

- Singlet order enhanced by about three times using BB control.
- Recycle delay halved, leading to 4.2 times sensitivity improvement.
- Overall experimental time reduced by a factor of 18.

## Abstract

Using a Bang-Bang optimal control (BB) technique, we transfer polarization from abundant high-$\gamma$ nuclei directly to singlet order. This approach is analogous to algorithmic cooling (AC) procedure used in quantum state purification. Specifically, we apply this method for enhancing the singlet order in a natural abundant $^{13}$C-$^{13}$C spin pair using a set of nine equivalent protons of an 11-spin system. Compared to the standard method not involving polarization transfer, we find an enhancement of singlet order by about three times. In addition, since the singlet magnetization is contributed by the faster relaxing protons, the recycle delay is halved. Thus effectively we observe a sensitivity enhancement by 4.2 times or a reduction in the overall experimental time by a factor of 18. We also discuss a possible extension of AC, known as heat-bath algorithmic cooling (HBAC).