# Irreversible mixing by unstable periodic orbits in buoyancy dominated stratified turbulence

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how unstable periodic orbits in stratified turbulence influence irreversible mixing, revealing that mixing efficiency varies with buoyancy Reynolds number and is bounded by classical models, with different physical behaviors at various regimes.

## Contribution

It introduces a recurrent flow analysis approach to identify unstable periodic orbits and links these orbits to mixing efficiency in stratified turbulence.

## Key findings

- Mixing efficiency varies non-monotonically with buoyancy Reynolds number.
- Efficiency is bounded above by 1/6, aligning with Osborn's classical model.
- Different orbit types exhibit distinct physical mixing mechanisms.

## Abstract

We consider turbulence driven by a large-scale horizontal shear in Kolmogorov flow (i.e. with sinusoidal body forcing) and a background linear stable stratification with buoyancy frequency $N_B^2$ imposed in the third, vertical direction in a fluid with kinematic viscosity $\nu$. This flow is known to be organised into layers by nonlinear unstable steady states, which incline the background shear in the vertical and can be demonstrated to be the finite-amplitude saturation of a sequence of instabilities, originally from the laminar state. Here, we investigate the next order of motions in this system, i.e. the time-dependent mechanisms by which the density field is irreversibly mixed. This investigation is achieved using 'recurrent flow analysis'. We identify (unstable) periodic orbits, which are embedded in the turbulent attractor, and use these orbits as proxies for the chaotic flow. We find that the time average of an appropriate measure of the 'mixing efficiency' of the flow $\mathscr{E}= \chi/(\chi+\mathcal{D})$ ($\mathcal{D}$ is the volume-averaged kinetic energy dissipation rate and $\chi$ is the volume-averaged density variance dissipation rate) varies non-monotonically with the time-averaged buoyancy Reynolds numbers $\overline{Re}_B= \overline{\mathcal{D}}/(\nu N_B^2)$, and is bounded above by $1/6$, consistently with the classical model of Osborn (1980). There are qualitatively different physical properties between the unstable orbits that have lower irreversible mixing efficiency at low $\overline{Re}_B \sim O(1)$ and those with nearly optimal $\mathscr{E} \lesssim 1/6$ at intermediate $\overline{Re}_B \sim 10$. The weaker orbits, inevitably embedded in more strongly stratified flow, are characterised by straining or 'scouring' motions, while the more efficient orbits have clear overturning dynamics in more weakly stratified, and apparently shear-unstable flow.