# Exploiting routinely collected severe case data to monitor and predict influenza outbreaks

## TL;DR

This study develops a Bayesian epidemic model linking severe influenza case data to transmission dynamics, enabling retrospective analysis and real-time forecasting of influenza outbreaks using routinely collected data.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel epidemic modeling approach that utilizes severe case data for real-time monitoring and prediction of influenza outbreaks, incorporating effects like school closures.

## Key findings

- Increased transmission observed in 2013/14 season.
- School holidays significantly impacted disease spread.
- Forecasts improve with data on population immunity.

## Abstract

Influenza remains a significant burden on health systems. Effective responses rely on the timely understanding of the magnitude and the evolution of an outbreak. For monitoring purposes, data on severe cases of influenza in England are reported weekly to Public Health England. These data are both readily available and have the potential to provide valuable information to estimate and predict the key transmission features of seasonal and pandemic influenza. We propose an epidemic model that links the underlying unobserved influenza transmission process to data on severe influenza cases. Within a Bayesian framework, we infer retrospectively the parameters of the epidemic model for each seasonal outbreak from 2012 to 2015, including: the effective reproduction number; the initial susceptibility; the probability of admission to intensive care given infection; and the effect of school closure on transmission. The model is also implemented in real time to assess whether early forecasting of the number of admission to intensive care is possible. Our model of admissions data allows reconstruction of the underlying transmission dynamics revealing: increased transmission during the season 2013/14 and a noticeable effect of Christmas school holiday on disease spread during season 2012/13 and 2014/15. When information on the initial immunity of the population is available, forecasts of the number of admissions to intensive care can be substantially improved. Readily available severe case data can be effectively used to estimate epidemiological characteristics and to predict the evolution of an epidemic, crucially allowing real-time monitoring of the transmission and severity of the outbreak.