# General Clark model for finite rank perturbations

## TL;DR

This paper generalizes the Clark model for finite rank perturbations of unitary operators, providing a new representation of the Clark operator applicable to arbitrary spectral types and extending classical rank one results.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive framework for finite rank perturbations, including a coordinate-free representation of the Clark operator using vector-valued Cauchy integrals.

## Key findings

- Representation of the adjoint Clark operator in the Nikolski--Vasyunin model
- Regularization techniques for singular integral operators
- Generalization of the normalized Cauchy transform to vector-valued settings

## Abstract

All unitary perturbations of a given unitary operator $U$ by finite rank $d$ operators with fixed range can be parametrized by $(d\times d)$ unitary matrices $\Gamma$; this generalizes unitary rank one ($d=1$) perturbations, where the Aleksandrov--Clark family of unitary perturbations is parametrized by the scalars on the unit circle $\mathbb{T}\subset\mathbb{C}$. For a purely contractive $\Gamma$ the resulting perturbed operator $T_\Gamma$ is a contraction (a completely non-unitary contraction under the natural assumption about cyclicity of the range), so they admit the functional model. In this paper we investigate the Clark operator, i.e. a unitary operator that intertwines $T_\Gamma$ (presented in the spectral representation of the non-perturbed operator $U$) and its model. We make no assumptions on the spectral type of the unitary operator $U$; absolutely continuous spectrum may be present. We find a representation of the adjoint Clark operator in the coordinate free Nikolski--Vasyunin functional model. This representation features a special version of the vector-valued Cauchy integral operator. Regularization of this singular integral operator yield representations of the adjoint Clark operator in the Sz.-Nagy--Foias transcription. In the special case of inner characteristic functions (purely singular spectral measure of $U$) this representation gives what can be considered as a natural generalization of the normalized Cauchy transform (which is a prominent object in the Clark theory for rank one case) to the vector-valued settings.