# Gauged Q-ball Decay Rates into Fermions

## TL;DR

This paper calculates the decay rates of gauged Q-balls into fermions, revealing effects of electric repulsion, Pauli blocking, and Coulomb potential barriers on the decay process.

## Contribution

It provides a semi-classical derivation of gauged Q-ball decay rates, highlighting the impact of electric charge and Coulomb effects on fermion emission.

## Key findings

- Gauged Q-balls emit more particles from their surface than global Q-balls due to electric repulsion.
- Decay rates are bounded by Pauli blocking effects at the Q-ball surface.
- Coulomb potential outside the Q-ball further suppresses fermion emission.

## Abstract

We derive the decay rate of a gauged Q-ball into fermions, applying the leading semi-classical approximation. We find that more particles come out from the surface of a gauged Q-ball, compared to the case of a global Q-ball, due to the electric repulsion. We show that, however, the decay rate of a gauged Q-ball is bounded from above due to the Pauli blocking at the surface of the Q-ball, just as in the case of a global Q-ball. We also find that there is a further suppression due to the Coulomb potential outside the Q-ball, which we find to play the role of a potential barrier for the fermions coming from the inside the Q-ball.