# Constraints on Macroscopic Realism Without Assuming Non-Invasive Measurability

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a noise-tolerant framework for testing macroscopic realism that does not rely on the non-invasive measurability assumption, enabling experimental exclusion of certain macroscopic realist models in quantum systems.

## Contribution

It develops a parameterization of macroscopic realism models that is robust to noise and allows empirical tests without assuming non-invasive measurements.

## Key findings

- Able to experimentally rule out classes of macroscopic realism in dimension 3 or higher
- Shows that the Leggett-Garg inequality can be tested without non-invasive measurability
- Provides a noise-tolerant approach to distinguish macroscopic realist models

## Abstract

Macroscopic realism is the thesis that macroscopically observable properties must always have definite values. The idea was introduced by Leggett and Garg (1985), who wished to show a conflict with the predictions of quantum theory. However, their analysis required not just the assumption of macroscopic realism per se, but also that the observable properties could be measured non-invasively. In recent years there has been increasing interest in experimental tests of the violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality, but it has remained a matter of controversy whether this second assumption is a reasonable requirement for a macroscopic realist view of quantum theory. In a recent critical assessment Maroney and Timpson (2017) identified three different categories of macroscopic realism, and argued that only the simplest category could be ruled out by Leggett-Garg inequality violations. Allen, Maroney, and Gogioso (2016) then showed that the second of these approaches was also incompatible with quantum theory in Hilbert spaces of dimension 4 or higher. However, we show that the distinction introduced by Maroney and Timpson between the second and third approaches is not noise tolerant, so unfortunately Allen's result, as given, is not directly empirically testable. In this paper we replace Maroney and Timpson's three categories with a parameterization of macroscopic realist models, which can be related to experimental observations in a noise tolerant way, and recover the original definitions in the noise-free limit. We show how this parameterization can be used to experimentally rule out classes of macroscopic realism in Hilbert spaces of dimension 3 or higher, including the category tested by the Leggett-Garg inequality, without any use of the non-invasive measurability assumption.