# Cladistical analysis of the Jovian and Saturnian satellite systems

## TL;DR

This paper applies cladistics, a method from biology, to classify and analyze the relationships of satellites around Jupiter and Saturn, revealing new satellite families and refining existing classifications.

## Contribution

First application of cladistics to planetary satellites, providing a novel classification approach and new insights into satellite family structures.

## Key findings

- Identification of a new retrograde irregular satellite family, the Iocaste family.
- Subdivision of the Phoebe family into two subfamilies.
- Confirmation of existing satellite family relationships.

## Abstract

Jupiter and Saturn each have complex systems of satellites and rings. These satellites can be classified into dynamical groups, implying similar formation scenarios. Recently, a larger number of additional irregular satellites have been discovered around both gas giants that have yet to be classified. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between the satellites and rings of the gas giants, using an analytical technique called cladistics. Cladistics is traditionally used to examine relationships between living organisms, the `tree of life'. In this work, we perform the first cladistical study of objects in a planetary science context. Our method uses the orbital, physical and compositional characteristics of satellites to classify the objects in the Jovian and Saturnian systems. We find that the major relationships between the satellites in the two systems, such as families, as presented in previous studies, are broadly preserved. In addition, based on our analysis of the Jovian system, we identify a new retrograde irregular family, the Iocaste family, and suggest that the Phoebe family of the Saturnian system can be further divided into two subfamilies. We also propose that the Saturnian irregular families be renamed, to be consistent with the convention used in Jovian families. Using cladistics, we are also able to assign the new unclassified irregular satellites into families. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the potential use of the cladistical technique in the investigation of relationships between orbital bodies.