# Dynamics and instabilities of Lasing Light Bullets in Passively Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the stability and formation of three-dimensional light bullets in passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers, providing theoretical insights, parameter guidelines, and confirming results through numerical simulations.

## Contribution

It introduces a reduced effective theory for analyzing light bullets, performs a detailed bifurcation study, and identifies key instability mechanisms and scaling behaviors.

## Key findings

- Light bullets are stable under specific parameter ranges.
- Instabilities mainly involve homogeneous oscillations or symmetry-breaking waves.
- Scaling behaviors depend on linewidth enhancement factors and saturation parameters.

## Abstract

Recently, the existence of robust three-dimensional light bullets (LBs) was predicted theoretically in the output of a laser coupled to a distant saturable absorber. In this manuscript, we analyze the stability and the range of existence of these dissipative localized structures and provide guidelines and realistic parameter sets for their experimental observation. In order to reduce the complexity of the analysis, we first approximate the three-dimensional problem by a reduced equation governing the dynamics of the transverse profile. This effective theory provides an intuitive picture of the LB formation mechanism. Moreover, it allows us to perform a detailed multi-parameter bifurcation study and to identify the different mechanisms of instability. It is found that the LBs experience dominantly either homogeneous oscillation or symmetry breaking transversal waves radiation. In addition, our analysis reveals several non-intuitive scaling behaviors as functions of the linewidth enhancement factors and the saturation parameters. Our results are confirmed by direct numerical simulations of the full system.