# How Turbulence Enables Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions

## TL;DR

This paper develops a turbulence model for neutrino-driven convection in core-collapse supernovae, revealing that turbulent dissipation significantly reduces the explosion threshold by providing additional heating, with implications supported by comparisons to multi-dimensional simulations.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a turbulence model that identifies turbulent dissipation as the main factor aiding supernova explosions, challenging previous assumptions about turbulent ram pressure.

## Key findings

- Turbulent dissipation reduces explosion conditions by about 30%.
- Turbulent ram pressure is not the dominant factor in enabling explosions.
- Turbulent kinetic energy provides extra heating through dissipation.

## Abstract

An important result in core-collapse supernova (CCSN) theory is that spherically-symmetric, one-dimensional simulations routinely fail to explode, yet multi-dimensional simulations often explode. Numerical investigations suggest that turbulence eases the condition for explosion, but how is not fully understood. We develop a turbulence model for neutrino-driven convection, and show that this turbulence model reduces the condition for explosions by about 30%, in concordance with multi-dimensional simulations. In addition, we identify which turbulent terms enable explosions. Contrary to prior suggestions, turbulent ram pressure is not the dominant factor in reducing the condition for explosion. Instead, there are many contributing factors, ram pressure being only one of them, but the dominant factor is turbulent dissipation (TD). Primarily, TD provides extra heating, adding significant thermal pressure, and reducing the condition for explosion. The source of this TD power is turbulent kinetic energy, which ultimately derives its energy from the higher potential of an unstable convective profile. Investigating a turbulence model in conjunction with an explosion condition enables insight that is difficult to glean from merely analyzing complex multi-dimensional simulations. An explosion condition presents a clear diagnostic to explain why stars explode, and the turbulence model allows us to explore how turbulence enables explosion. Though we find that turbulent dissipation is a significant contributor to successful supernova explosions, it is important to note that this work is to some extent qualitative. Therefore, we suggest ways to further verify and validate our predictions with multi-dimensional simulations.