Corrections for a constant radial magnetic field in the g-2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments with muons in storage rings

TL;DR

This paper calculates the impact of a constant radial magnetic field correction on muon g-2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments, highlighting its significance for future measurements at Fermilab.

Contribution

It provides a detailed calculation of magnetic field corrections, emphasizing their importance for upcoming muon electric-dipole-moment experiments.

Findings

Negligible correction for current g-2 experiments.

Significant correction for future muon EDM experiments.

Guidance for experimental precision in upcoming measurements.

Abstract

We calculate the corrections for constant radial magnetic field in muon g--2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments in storage rings. While the correction is negligible for the current generation of g--2 experiments, it affects the upcoming muon electric-dipole-moment experiment at Fermilab.

Equations

$${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{(FS)}=-\frac{e}{m}[a\mathbf{B}-\frac{a\gamma }{\gamma +1}\mathbf{\beta }(\mathbf{\beta }\cdot \mathbf{B})+\left(\frac{1}{{\gamma }^2-1}-a\right)\left(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{E}\right)$$

$$+\frac{\eta }{2}\left(\mathbf{E}-\frac{\gamma }{\gamma +1}\mathbf{\beta }(\mathbf{\beta }\cdot \mathbf{E})+\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{B}\right)],$$

$${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{(cyl)}=-\frac{e}{m}\{a\mathbf{B}-\frac{a\gamma }{\gamma +1}\mathbf{\beta }(\mathbf{\beta }\cdot \mathbf{B})$$

$$+\left(\frac{1}{{\gamma }^2-1}-a\right)\left(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{E}\right)+\frac{1}{\gamma }\left[{\mathbf{B}}_{\Vert }-\frac{1}{{\beta }^2}{\left(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{E}\right)}_{\Vert }\right]$$

$$+\frac{\eta }{2}\left(\mathbf{E}-\frac{\gamma }{\gamma +1}\mathbf{\beta }(\mathbf{\beta }\cdot \mathbf{E})+\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{B}\right)\}.$$

$$E_z=-(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{B}{)}_z.$$

$${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{(cyl)}=-\frac{e}{m}\left\{a{B}_z{\mathbf{e}}_z+\frac{g}{2{\gamma }^2}{B}_{\rho }{\mathbf{e}}_{\rho }+\frac{\eta }{2}{\left(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{B}\right)}_{\Vert }\right\}.$$

$${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{(cyl)}=-\frac{e}{m}\left\{a(B_z{\mathbf{e}}_z+B_{\rho }{\mathbf{e}}_{\rho })+\frac{\eta }{2}{\left(\mathbf{\beta }\times \mathbf{B}\right)}_{\Vert }\right\}.$$

$${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{(cyl)}={\omega }_0{\mathbf{e}}_z+O{\mathbf{e}}_{\rho },{\omega }_0=-\frac{e}{m}a{B}_z,O={\omega }_0\left(\frac{B_{\rho }}{B_z}+\frac{\eta \beta }{2a}\right),$$

$$\Delta \omega =-{\omega }_0\frac{B_{\rho }^2}{2B_z^2}.$$

$$\begin{array}[]{c}P_{\rho}(t)=\cos{(\omega_{0}t+\psi)},\qquad P_{\phi}(t)=\sin{(\omega_{0}t+\psi)},\qquad P_{z}(t)=-\frac{O}{\omega_{0}}\cos{(\omega_{0}t+\psi)},\end{array}$$

Full text

I Introduction

Muon g–2 and electric-dipole-moment (EDM) experiments in storage rings are of great importance for contemporary physics. The well-known discrepancy between theoretical and experimental values of the anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) of muon PRDfinal ; gmtFermi may be a window to new physics. New physics can result in a higher value of the muon EDM than that predicted by the Standard Model.

In such precise experiments it is important to fully account for all significant corrections affecting the measurement. This is the reason for conducting the present research which determines corrections for a constant radial magnetic field in high-precision g–2 and EDM experiments with polarized muon beams in storage rings. Increasing of accuracy of the planned experiments as compared to the accomplished ones makes this research to be necessary.

We use the cylindrical coordinate system and the system of units $\displaystyle\hbar=1,~{}c=1$. We include $\displaystyle\hbar$ and $\displaystyle c$ into some equations when this inclusion clarifies the problem.

II General equations of spin motion in the cylindrical and the Frenet-Serret coordinate systems

In this section, we shortly report the results of comparison of the cylindrical and the Frenet-Serret coordinate systems obtained in Ref. JINRLettCylr . While these coordinate systems are equivalent, the related equations of the spin motion differ. The axes of the Frenet-Serret coordinate system are motional and are defined relative to the particle velocity direction. In this system, the equation of spin motion defines a motion of the spin (pseudo)vector with respect to the momentum vector, i.e., the change in a relative orientation of these vectors. The Frenet-Serret coordinate system is commonly used in accelerator theory. For a particle with electric and magnetic dipole moments, the classical equation of the spin motion is given by (see Refs. GBMT ; PhysScr and references therein)

[TABLE]

where $\displaystyle a=(g-2)/2,~{}\bm{\beta}=\bm{v}/c,~{}g=2mc\mu/(e\hbar s),~{}\eta=2mcd/(e\hbar s)$. Here $\displaystyle s$ is the spin quantum number and the $\displaystyle\eta$ factor for the EDM $\displaystyle d$ is similar to the $\displaystyle g$ one for the magnetic dipole moment.

When the cylindrical coordinate system is used, the spin motion equation is defined allowing for a motion of the horizontal axes of the cylindrical coordinate system which follows the azimuthal motion of a given particle. The vertical axes of the cylindrical and the Cartesian coordinate systems always coincide. The angular velocities of the spin motion in these coordinate systems differ on $\displaystyle\dot{\phi}\bm{e}_{z}$, where $\displaystyle\dot{\phi}$ is the angular velocity of a change of the particle azimuth in the storage ring RPJSTAB . As a result, the spin motion equation in the cylindrical coordinate system takes the form JINRLettCylr ; RPJSTAB

[TABLE]

The sign $\displaystyle\|$ indicates the horizontal projection for any vector. This equation describes the spin motion relative to immobile detectors placed around the storage ring. Equation (2), contrary to Eq. (1), does not depend on a vertical motion of the beam. The compactness of Eq. (1) relies on the fact that the Frenet-Serret coordinate axes move relative to the immobile detectors. As a result, Eq. (1) needs to be used with care. In particular, this equation may create the illusion that, on condition that $\displaystyle\bm{\beta}\cdot\bm{B}=0$, the impact of vertical and radial fields on the spin is identical. For leptons (electron, muon) the difference between $\displaystyle\bm{\Omega}^{(FS)}$ and $\displaystyle\bm{\Omega}^{(cyl)}$ can be rather significant. To determine an observable effect, the motion of the tangential and normal axes of the Frenet-Serret coordinate system should be added to the spin motion in this coordinate system. Once this factor is taken into account, the cylindrical and the Frenet-Serret coordinate systems give an equivalent description of the spin motion JINRLettCylr .

The additional term in Eq. (2) which is proportional to $\displaystyle 1/\gamma$ can increase the importance of the horizontal components of $\displaystyle\bm{B}$ and $\displaystyle\bm{\beta}\times\bm{E}$ as compared to Eq. (1). In particular, the spin quantization axis (also called the stable spin axis) in a purely magnetic storage ring does not coincide with the direction of the total magnetic field. In relation to the longitudinal magnetic field, this property has been considered in Ref. JETPazm .

It should be added that the quantum-mechanical description of the spin motion for spin-1/2 RPJ and spin-1 PRDspin particles fully agrees with the classical description.

III Manifestations of the constant radial magnetic field in muon $\displaystyle\bm{g}$–2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments

The correction for the constant radial magnetic field is nonzero in both the g–2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments with polarized muons in storage rings. However, the importance of the systematic effects caused by this field significantly differs in the two cases. For a calculation of this correction, it is convenient to use Eq. (2). Since the average Lorentz force acting on a particle is zero, the average values of the vertical electric field and the radial magnetic one satisfy the condition

[TABLE]

When electric focusing is used, the angular velocity of the spin precession is given by

[TABLE]

It is well-known that the fields satisfying Eq. (3) turn the spin. The vertical electric field conditions one of main systematic errors in EDM experiments in storage rings carried out by the frozen spin method FJM . The condition (3) is satisfied for Wien filters with static TA and oscillating rfWienFilter ; rfWienFilterNIMA ; PhysRevSTAB2017 fields which are frequently used as spin rotators. In particular, the expression for the radial component of $\displaystyle\bm{\Omega}$ (halved owing the field oscillations) is presented in Ref. rfWienFilter .

In the muon g–2 and EDM experiments described in Refs. PRDfinal ; MuEDM08 , $\displaystyle\gamma^{2}=1+a^{-1}$ and $\displaystyle g/(2\gamma^{2})=a$. As a result, Eq. (4) takes the form

[TABLE]

The angular velocity of the spin rotation caused by the magnetic moment is collinear to the vector of the total magnetic field $\displaystyle\bm{B}$. However, the vertical and radial components of $\displaystyle\bm{B}$ enter Eq. (4) with different factors and the spin motion defined by Eq. (5) is influenced not only by the radial magnetic field but also by the vertical electric one.

Equation (5) can be presented as follows:

[TABLE]

where the quantities $\displaystyle\omega_{0},\,O$, and $\displaystyle\beta$ ($\displaystyle\bm{\beta}=\beta\bm{e}_{\phi}$) can be positive and negative.

Evidently, the constant radial magnetic field conditions the following correction to the g–2 frequency:

[TABLE]

In the g–2 experiments PRDfinal ; gmtFermi , this correction can be neglected. Measurements of the constant radial magnetic field in the BNL muon g–2 experiment have shown that $\displaystyle|B_{\rho}|\approx 2.9\times 10^{-5}$T. Since $\displaystyle B_{z}=1.45$T, $\displaystyle|B_{\rho}/B_{z}|\approx 2\times 10^{-5}$ BNLrmfm . In this case, the correction to the g–2 frequency is of the order of $\displaystyle 10^{-10}$ and can be neglected.

However, the constant radial magnetic field can be more important for the muon EDM experiments. The search for the muon EDM has been performed in the framework of the past BNL experiment BNLrmfm . The initial beam polarization was longitudinal and the vertical spin component was detected. This experiment has established the upper bound on the muon EDM, $\displaystyle|d_{\mu}|<1.8\times 10^{-19}~{}e\cdot$cm MuEDM08 .

In the considered case, squares of small parameters can be neglected. The spin evolution is defined by the general equation (15) in Ref. EPJC2017 which takes the form

[TABLE]

where $\displaystyle\psi$ is equal to $\displaystyle\pi/2$ and $\displaystyle-\pi/2$ for counterclockwise and clockwise muon beams, respectively, and $\displaystyle\bm{P}$ is the polarization vector. In this case, a nonzero vertical component of the polarization vector is conditioned by the terms linear in $\displaystyle B_{\rho}/B_{z}$ and $\displaystyle\eta$. The related correction to the g–2 frequency is quadratic or bilinear in $\displaystyle B_{\rho}/B_{z}$ and $\displaystyle\eta$.

Equations (6) and (8) demonstrate that the constant radial magnetic field can mimic an EDM. The constant radial magnetic field measured in Ref. BNLrmfm corresponds to the muon EDM of $\displaystyle 2\times 10^{-21}~{}e\cdot$cm. This value is small as compared with the current bound on the muon EDM established in Ref. MuEDM08 . However, the sensitivity to the muon EDM will be increased by two orders of magnitude in the future experiment at Fermilab FermilabEDM . In this case, the correction for the constant radial magnetic field needs to be considered. We can add that a muon EDM experiment based on the frozen spin method FJM is sensitive to the muon EDM of the order of $\displaystyle 10^{-24}~{}e\cdot$cm.

IV Summary

In the present paper, we have calculated the correction for the constant radial magnetic field in the g–2 and electric-dipole-moment experiments with muons in storage rings. While the correction can be neglected in the g–2 experiments PRDfinal ; gmtFermi , it is important for the forthcoming muon EDM experiment at Fermilab.

The planned g–2/EDM experiment at J-PARC will be fulfilled in a purely magnetic ring JPARC ; JPARCOtani . In this case, the average constant radial magnetic field is equal to zero and the correction for this field vanishes.

Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to N. Nikolaev for useful comments and discussions. The author acknowledges the support by the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research (Grant No. $\displaystyle\Phi$16D-004) and by the Heisenberg-Landau program of the German Ministry for Science and Technology (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung).