# A review of advances in pixel detectors for experiments with high rate and radiation

## TL;DR

This review discusses recent advances in pixel detector technology driven by the needs of high rate and radiation environments like the LHC, highlighting innovations in sensors, electronics, and design for future upgrades.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of technological developments in pixel detectors addressing high data rates and radiation, crucial for next-generation particle physics experiments.

## Key findings

- Development of radiation-hard sensors and readout chips.
- Innovations in hybridization and monolithic detector designs.
- Enhanced measurement precision and data throughput capabilities.

## Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments ATLAS and CMS have established hybrid pixel detectors as the instrument of choice for particle tracking and vertexing in high rate and radiation environments, as they operate close to the LHC interaction points. With the High Luminosity-LHC upgrade now in sight, for which the tracking detectors will be completely replaced, new generations of pixel detectors are being devised. They have to address enormous challenges in terms of data throughput and radiation levels, ionizing and non-ionizing, that harm the sensing and readout parts of pixel detectors alike. Advances in microelectronics and microprocessing technologies now enable large scale detector designs with unprecedented performance in measurement precision (space and time), radiation hard sensors and readout chips, hybridization techniques, lightweight supports, and fully monolithic approaches to meet these challenges. This paper reviews the world-wide effort on these developments.