# Static and dynamic properties of heavily doped quantum vortices

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the properties of heavily doped quantum vortices in superfluids, revealing their stability, dynamics, and differences from pure vortices through a coupled semiclassical model.

## Contribution

It introduces a universal 3D model for heavily doped vortices, analyzing their stability, interactions, and reconnection behavior in quantum fluids.

## Key findings

- Heavily doped vortices are dynamically stable with distinct properties.
- Dopant size, geometry, and solubility affect vortex behavior.
- Heavy doping influences vortex reconnection dynamics.

## Abstract

Quantum vortices in superfluids may capture matter and deposit it inside their core. By doping vortices with foreign particles one can effectively visualize them and study experimentally. To acquire a better understanding of the interaction of quantum vortices with matter and clarify the details of recent experiments properties of doped vortices are investigated here theoretically in the regimes where the doping mass becomes close to the total mass of superfluid particles forming a vortex. Such formations are dynamically stable and, possessing both vorticity and enhanced inertia, demonstrate properties which are different from the pure vortex case. The goal of this paper is to define and investigate the universal aspects of a heavily doped vortex behavior which can be realized in different types of quantum mixtures. The proposed 3D model is based on a system of coupled semiclassical matter wave equations which are solved numerically in a wide range of physical parameters. The size, geometry, solubility and binding energy of dopants in different regimes are discussed. A coupled motion of a vortex-dopant complex and decoupling conditions are studied. The reconnection of vortices, taken as an example of a fundamental process responsible for the evolution of a quantum turbulent state, is modeled to illustrate the difference between the light and heavy doping cases.