# Fluid-dynamics in the Borexino Neutrino Detector: behavior of a pseudo-stably-stratified, near-equilibrium closed system under asymmetrical, changing boundary conditions

## TL;DR

This paper models the fluid dynamics within the Borexino neutrino detector, demonstrating how thermal stabilization and simulations can reduce background noise and improve sensitivity in neutrino detection.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive numerical simulation framework tailored to Borexino's specific conditions, validated against experimental benchmarks, to understand and optimize fluid behavior.

## Key findings

- Thermal stabilization reduces background contamination.
- Simulations accurately reproduce experimental fluid dynamics.
- Fully-convective models reveal key fluid motions affecting detector sensitivity.

## Abstract

The strategy to install Borexino's Thermal Monitoring and Management System (BTMMS) successfully stabilized the thermal environment inside the Borexino neutrino observatory, which is understood to be a necessary step to improve and minimize radioactive background contamination inside the active volume of the detector, allowing for it to achieve better sensitivity in the regions of interest. Two-dimensional numerical simulations to achieve a proper understanding of Borexino's fluid-dynamics were developed and optimized for different regions and periods of interest, focusing on the most critical effects that were identified as influencing background concentrations. Literature experimental case studies were reproduced to benchmark the method and settings, and a Borexino-specific benchmark was constructed in order to validate the model's thermal transport. Finally, fully-convective models were implemented to understand general and specific fluid motions impacting the active detector volume.