# Seismic sensitivity of Normal-mode Coupling to Lorentz stresses in the Sun

## TL;DR

This paper develops a seismological method to detect and analyze internal Lorentz stresses in the Sun, enhancing understanding of solar magnetism and dynamo processes through sensitivity functions derived from first-Born perturbation theory.

## Contribution

It introduces a new sensitivity analysis framework for seismic measurements to infer the Sun's internal Lorentz stress tensor using generalized spherical harmonics.

## Key findings

- Eigenstates are mainly sensitive to isotropic stress deviations.
- Sensitivity to anisotropic stresses is significantly weaker.
- Method provides a pathway to better understand solar magnetic dynamics.

## Abstract

Understanding the governing mechanism of solar magnetism remains an outstanding challenge in astrophysics. Seismology is the most compelling technique with which to infer the internal properties of the Sun and stars. Waves in the Sun, nominally acoustic, are sensitive to the emergence and cyclical strengthening of magnetic field, evidenced by measured changes in resonant oscillation frequencies that are correlated with the solar cycle. The inference of internal Lorentz stresses from these measurements has the potential to significantly advance our appreciation of the dynamo. Indeed, seismological inverse theory for the Sun is well understood for perturbations in composition, thermal structure and flows but, is not fully developed for magnetism, owing to the complexity of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equation. Invoking first-Born perturbation theory to characterize departures from spherically symmetric hydrostatic models of the Sun and applying the notation of generalized spherical harmonics, we calculate sensitivity functions of seismic measurements to the general time-varying Lorentz stress tensor. We find that eigenstates of isotropic (i.e. acoustic only) background models are dominantly sensitive to isotropic deviations in the stress tensor and much more weakly so to anisotropic stresses (and therefore challenging to infer). The apple cannot fall far from the tree.