# Temporal and Periodic Variations of Sunspot Counts in Flaring and Non-flaring Active Regions

## TL;DR

This study investigates the temporal and periodic behaviors of sunspot counts in flaring and non-flaring active regions over two solar cycles, revealing cycle-dependent variations and distinct periodicities.

## Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of sunspot count variations and periodicities in flaring and non-flaring active regions across solar cycles 23 and 24, highlighting cycle-specific differences.

## Key findings

- Different temporal variation patterns in flaring and non-flaring ARs across cycles.
- Distinct periodicities identified: 113 days in flaring ARs, up to 327 days in non-flaring ARs.
- Cycle-dependent changes in the amplitude and periodicity of sunspot counts.

## Abstract

We analyzed temporal and periodic behavior of sunspot counts (SSCs) in flaring (C, M, or X class flares), and non-flaring active regions (ARs) for the almost two solar cycles (1996 through 2016). Our main findings are as follows: i) The temporal variation of monthly means of daily total SSCs in flaring and non-flaring ARs are different and these differences are also varying from cycle to cycle; temporal profile of non-flaring ARs are wider than the flaring ones during the solar cycle 23, while they are almost the same during the current cycle 24. The second peak (second maximum) of flaring ARs are strongly dominate during current cycle 24, while this difference is not such a remarkable during cycle 23. The amplitude of SSCs in the non-flaring ARs are comparable during the first and second peaks (maxima) of the current solar cycle, while the first peak is almost not existent in case of the flaring ARs. ii) Periodic variations observed in SSCs of flaring and non-flaring ARs are quite different in both MTM spectrum and wavelet scalograms and these variations are also different from one cycle to another; the largest detected period in the flaring ARs is 113 days, while there are much higher periodicities (327, 312, and 256 days) in non-flaring ARs. There are no meaningful periodicities in MTM spectrum of flaring ARs exceeding 45 days during solar cycle 24, while a 113 days periodicity detected from flaring ARs of solar cycle 23. For the non-flaring ARs the largest period is 72 days during solar cycle 24, while the largest period is 327 days during current cycle.