# Imaging and controlling vortex dynamics in mesoscopic superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor arrays

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a scanning probe technique to image and control vortex dynamics in mesoscopic superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor arrays, revealing tunable interactions and spatial patterns crucial for fundamental understanding and technological applications.

## Contribution

The study presents a novel method for local vortex imaging and control, enabling detailed analysis of vortex interactions and energy scales in superconducting systems.

## Key findings

- Imaging of vortex spatial patterns in superconductor arrays.
- Extraction of vortex interaction energy scales.
- Demonstration of tunable vortex interactions with applied bias.

## Abstract

Harnessing the properties of vortices in superconductors is crucial for fundamental science and technological applications; thus, it has been an ongoing goal to locally probe and control vortices. Here, we use a scanning probe technique that enables studies of vortex dynamics in superconducting systems by leveraging the resonant behavior of a raster-scanned, magnetic-tipped cantilever. This experimental setup allows us to image and control vortices, as well as extract key energy scales of the vortex interactions. Applying this technique to lattices of superconductor island arrays on a metal, we obtain a variety of striking spatial patterns that encode information about the energy landscape for vortices in the system. We interpret these patterns in terms of local vortex dynamics and extract the relative strengths of the characteristic energy scales in the system, such as the vortex-magnetic field and vortex-vortex interaction strengths, as well as the vortex chemical potential. We also demonstrate that the relative strengths of the interactions can be tuned and show how these interactions shift with an applied bias. The high degree of tunability and local nature of such vortex imaging and control not only enable new understanding of vortex interactions, but also have potential applications in more complex systems such as those relevant to quantum computing.