# Synthetic IRIS spectra of the solar transition region: Effect of high-energy tails

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how high-energy tails in non-Maxwellian electron distributions affect synthetic IRIS spectra of the solar transition region, revealing significant changes in ionization and spectral line formation.

## Contribution

It introduces a method to compute synthetic spectra considering non-Maxwellian electron distributions with high-energy tails, highlighting their impact on ionization rates and spectral line features.

## Key findings

- Ionization rates are significantly affected by high-energy tails.
- Spectral line contribution functions are broadened and shifted to lower temperatures.
- Enhanced Si IV emission compared to O IV by more than a factor of two.

## Abstract

The solar transition region satisfies the conditions for presence of non-Maxwellian electron energy distributions with high-energy tails at energies corresponding to the ionization potentials of many ions emitting in the EUV and UV portions of the spectrum. We calculate the synthetic Si IV, O IV, and S IV spectra in the far ultra-violet (FUV) channel of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Ionization, recombination, and excitation rates are obtained by integration of the cross-sections or their approximations over the model electron distributions considering particle propagation from the hotter corona. The ionization rates are significantly affected by the presence of high-energy tails. This leads to the peaks of the relative abundance of individual ions to be broadened with pronounced low-temperature shoulders. As a result, the contribution functions of individual lines observable by IRIS also exhibit low-temperature shoulders, or their peaks are shifted to temperatures an order of magnitude lower than for the Maxwellian distribution. The integrated emergent spectra can show enhancements of Si IV compared toO IV by more than a factor of two. The high-energy particles can have significant impact on the emergent spectra and their presence needs to be considered even in situations without strong local acceleration.