# Effects of the Planetary Temperature on the Circumplanetary Disk and on the Gap

## TL;DR

This study uses 3D radiative hydrodynamic simulations to explore how planetary temperature influences circumplanetary disk formation, structure, and gap characteristics around giant planets of various masses.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the thermal and dynamical properties of circumplanetary disks, including empirical formulas for disk mass estimation and differences between 2D and 3D gap structures.

## Key findings

- Disks form around planets with mass ≥ 3 M_Jup, with a transition from envelope to disk at specific temperatures.
- Inner disk regions are too hot for satellite formation early on, suggesting satellites form later in outer regions.
- Cooler planets have lower disk temperatures, higher influx velocities, and deeper, wider gaps.

## Abstract

Circumplanetary disks regulate the late accretion to the giant planet and serve as the birthplace for satellites. Understanding their characteristics via simulations also helps to prepare for their observations. Here we study disks around 1, 3, 5, 10 $\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ planets with three dimensional, global radiative hydrodynamic simulations with sub-planet peak resolution, and various planetary temperatures. We found that as the 1 $\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ planet radiates away its formation heat, the circumplanetary envelope transitions to a disk between $T_p = 6000$ K and 4000 K. In the case of 3-10 $\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ planets a disk always forms. The temperature profile of the circumplanetary disks is very steep, the inner 1/6th is over the silicate condensation temperature and the entire disk is above water freezing point, making satellite formation impossible in this early stage ($<$1 Myr). Satellites might form much later and first in the outer parts of the disk migrating inwards later on. Our disk masses are $1, 7, 20, 40 \times 10^{-3}\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ for the 1, 3, 5, 10 $\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ gas giants respectively, and we provide an empirical formula to estimate the subdisk masses based on the planet- and circumstellar disk mass. Our finding is that the cooler the planet, the lower the temperature of the subdisk, the higher the vertical influx velocities, and the planetary gap is both deeper and wider. We also show that the gaps in 2D and 3D are different. The subdisk eccentricity increases with planetary mass and violently interacts with the circumstellar disk, making satellite-formation less likely, if $\mathrm{M_p} \gtrsim 5 \mathrm{M_{Jup}}$.