# Resonances in a Chaotic Attractor Crisis of the Lorenz Flow

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the behavior of Ruelle-Pollicott resonances in the Lorenz flow during a boundary crisis, revealing that stable resonances approach the imaginary axis while unstable ones do not, challenging existing early warning methods.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel analysis of Ruelle-Pollicott resonances in the Lorenz system during a boundary crisis, highlighting their different behaviors and implications for crisis prediction.

## Key findings

- Stable resonances approach the imaginary axis during the crisis.
- Unstable resonances do not indicate proximity to the crisis.
- Traditional early warning indicators may be ineffective near boundary crises.

## Abstract

Local bifurcations of stationary points and limit cycles have successfully been characterized in terms of the critical exponents of these solutions. Lyapunov exponents and their associated covariant Lyapunov vectors have been proposed as tools for supporting the understanding of critical transitions in chaotic dynamical systems. However, it is in general not clear how the statistical properties of dynamical systems change across a boundary crisis during which a chaotic attractor collides with a saddle. This behavior is investigated here for a boundary crisis in the Lorenz flow, for which neither the Lyapunov exponents nor the covariant Lyapunov vectors provide a criterion for the crisis. Instead, the convergence of the time evolution of probability densities to the invariant measure, governed by the semigroup of transfer operators, is expected to slow down at the approach of the crisis. Such convergence is described by the eigenvalues of the generator of this semigroup, which can be divided into two families, referred to as the stable and unstable Ruelle-Pollicott resonances, respectively. The former describes the convergence of densities to the attractor (or escape from a repeller) and is estimated from many short time series sampling the phase space. The latter is responsible for the decay of correlations, or mixing, and can be estimated from a long times series, invoking ergodicity. It is found numerically for the Lorenz flow that the stable resonances do approach the imaginary axis during the crisis, as is indicative of the loss of global stability of the attractor. On the other hand, the unstable resonances, and a fortiori the decay of correlations, do not ag the proximity of the crisis, thus questioning the usual design of early warning indicators of boundary crises of chaotic attractors and the applicability of response theory close to such crises.