# What is a parton shower?

## TL;DR

This paper explores the theoretical structure of idealized parton shower generators in QCD, proposing a formulation that relates shower operators to infrared singularities and extends to any perturbative order.

## Contribution

It introduces a formulation for parton showers at any order in _s, linking shower operators to QCD infrared singularities, and clarifies the theoretical foundation of parton showers.

## Key findings

- Shows how shower operators relate to QCD infrared singularities
- Proposes a formalism for order _s^k showers
- Highlights the gap between theoretical formulation and practical algorithms

## Abstract

We consider idealized parton shower event generators that treat parton spin and color exactly, leaving aside the choice of practical approximations for spin and color. We investigate how the structure of such a parton shower generator is related to the structure of QCD. We argue that a parton shower with splitting functions proportional to $\alpha_s$ can be viewed not just as a model, but as the lowest order approximation to a shower that is defined at any perturbative order. To support this argument, we present a formulation for a parton shower at order $\alpha_s ^k$ for any $k$. Since some of the input functions needed are specified by their properties but not calculated, this formulation does not provide a useful recipe for an order $\alpha_s ^k$ parton shower algorithm. However, in this formulation we see how the operators that generate the shower are related to operators that specify the infrared singularities of QCD.