# Exact zero modes in frustrated Haldane chains

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that in frustrated spin-1 chains, the effective coupling between edge states can be tuned to zero multiple times, leading to degenerate edge states, with implications for understanding incommensurate phases.

## Contribution

It reveals that frustration in spin-1 chains causes the effective edge coupling to change sign multiple times, resulting in exact zero modes at specific frustration levels.

## Key findings

- Number of zero modes scales with chain length (~0.38L)
- Zero modes occur within a specific frustration window (J2/J1 between 0.28 and 0.75)
- Edge states become completely decoupled at these zero modes

## Abstract

We show that the effective coupling between the spin-1/2 edge states of a spin-1 chain of finite length can be continuously tuned by frustration. For the $J_1-J_2$ model with nearest and next-nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions, we show that the effective coupling in a chain of length $L$ changes sign $N\simeq 0.38 L$ times in the window $0.28\lesssim J_2/J_1 \lesssim 0.75$ where the short-range correlations are incommensurate. This implies that there are $N$ zero modes where the singlet and the triplet are strictly degenerate, i.e. $N$ values of $J_2/J_1$ where the spin-1/2 edge states are completely decoupled. We argue that this effect must be generic for all incommensurate phases with localized edge states, and we briefly discuss a few experimental implications.