# Ionospheric D-region temperature relaxation and its influences on radio signal propagation after solar X-flares occurrence

## TL;DR

This study investigates how temperature changes in the Earth's D-region after solar X-flares affect radio signal propagation, using theoretical models and observational data from a 2010 solar event.

## Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework linking D-region temperature relaxation to radio wave propagation characteristics post-solar X-flares.

## Key findings

- Temperature influences electron plasma frequency and refractive index.
- Model applied to 2010 solar X-flare data.
- Results show significant impact on radio signal propagation.

## Abstract

In this paper our attention is focused on relations between radio signal propagation characteristics and temperature changes in D-region af- ter solar X-flare occurrence. We present temperature dependencies of electron plasma frequency, the parameter that describes medium conditions for prop- agation of an electromagnetic wave, and the refractive index which describes how this wave propagates. As an example for quantitative calculations based on obtained theoretical equations we choose the reaction of the D-region to the solar X-flare occurred on May 5 th, 2010. The ionospheric modelling is based on the experimental data obtained by low ionosphere observations using very low frequency radio signal.