# Spatial Distribution of Element Abundances and Ionization States in Solar Energetic-Particle Events

## TL;DR

This study uses abundance measurements from spacecraft to map the spatial distribution of element ionization states and plasma temperatures in solar energetic-particle events, revealing variations along shock waves.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel method to determine ion charge states and source plasma temperatures remotely, using abundance enhancements and A/Q ratios in SEP events.

## Key findings

- Identified a case of shock wave dispatching ions from different plasma temperatures.
- Observed temperature variations over large longitudinal separations.
- Demonstrated the technique's potential for remote plasma diagnostics.

## Abstract

We have studied the spatial and temporal distribution of abundances of chemical elements in large "gradual" solar energetic-particle (SEP) events, and especially the source plasma temperatures, derived from those abundances, using measurements from the Wind and Solar TErestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft, widely separated in solar longitude. A power-law relationship between abundance enhancements and mass-to-charge ratios [A/Q] of the ions can be used to determine Q-values and source plasma temperatures at remote spacecraft with instruments that were not designed for charge-state measurements. We search for possible source variations along the accelerating shock wave, finding one clear case where the accelerating shock wave appears to dispatch ions from 3.2+-0.8 MK plasma toward one spacecraft and those from 1.6+-0.2 MK plasma toward another, 116 deg away. The difference persists three days and then fades away. Three other SEP events show less-extreme variation in source temperatures at different spacecraft, in one case observed over 222 deg in longitude. This initial study shows how the power-law relation between abundance enhancements and ion A/Q-values pro-vides a new technique to determine Q and plasma temperatures in the seed population of SEP ions over a broad region of space using remote spacecraft with instruments that were not originally designed for measurements of ionization states.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/1705.07471