# Sea Quarks Contribution to the Nucleon Magnetic Moment and Charge Radius at the Physical Point

## TL;DR

This study uses lattice QCD to analyze the contributions of light and strange sea quarks to nucleon properties, providing new insights into their effects on magnetic moments and charge radii at the physical point.

## Contribution

It presents the first comprehensive lattice QCD analysis of sea quark contributions to nucleon form factors at the physical pion mass, including continuum and infinite volume extrapolations.

## Key findings

- Sea quarks contribute about 1% to the nucleon magnetic moment.
- Sea quarks contribute approximately -0.019 fm² to the nucleon charge radius.
- Sea quarks have a significant impact on neutron charge radius, about 16%.

## Abstract

We report a comprehensive analysis of the light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment, charge radius, and the electric and magnetic form factors. The lattice QCD calculation includes ensembles across several lattice volumes and lattice spacings with one of the ensembles at the physical pion mass. We adopt a model-independent extrapolation of the nucleon magnetic moment and the charge radius. We have performed a simultaneous chiral, infinite volume, and continuum extrapolation in a global fit to calculate results in the continuum limit. We find that the combined light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is $\mu_M\,(\text{DI})=-0.022(11)(09)\,\mu_N$ and to the nucleon mean square charge radius is $\langle r^2\rangle_E\,\text{(DI)}=-0.019(05)(05)$ fm$^2$ which is about $1/3$ of the difference between the $\langle r_p^2\rangle_E$ of electron-proton scattering and that of muonic atom and so cannot be ignored in obtaining the proton charge radius in the lattice QCD calculation. The most important outcome of this lattice QCD calculation is that while the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is small at about $1\%$, a negative $2.5(9)\%$ contribution to the proton mean square charge radius and a relatively larger positive $16.3(6.1)\%$ contribution to the neutron mean square charge radius come from the sea quarks in the nucleon. For the first time, by performing global fits, we also give predictions of the light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contributions to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors at the physical point and in the continuum and infinite volume limits in the momentum transfer range of $0\leq Q^2\leq 0.5$ GeV$^2$.