# Thermal interface fluctuations of liquids and viscoelastic materials

## TL;DR

This study measures and analyzes thermal fluctuation spectra at various interfaces, confirming the generalized fluctuation theory's predictions across different materials and interface types using a novel, efficient optical measurement system.

## Contribution

It extends fluctuation theory to liquid/viscoelastic interfaces and introduces a rapid, small-area optical method for measuring thermal interface fluctuations.

## Key findings

- Spectra agree with generalized fluctuation theory.
- Method applicable to viscous and complex interfaces.
- Measurements are quick and require minimal interface area.

## Abstract

Spectra of thermal fluctuations of a wide range of interfaces, from liquid/air, viscoelastic material/air, liquid/liquid, to liquid/viscoelastic material interfaces, were measured over 100 Hz to 10 MHz frequency range. The obtained spectra were compared with the fluctuation theory of interfaces, and found to be mostly in quite good agreement, when the theory was generalized to apply to thermal fluctuations of liquid/viscoelastic material interfaces. The spectra were measured using a system that combines light reflection, statistical noise reduction through averaged correlations, and confocal microscopy. It requires only a small area of the interface ($\sim1\,\mu$m$^2$) , relatively short times for measurements ($\lesssim$few min), and can also be applied to highly viscous materials.