# A phenomenological modification of thermohaline mixing in globular cluster red giants

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a modified thermohaline mixing scheme for low-mass red giants that better matches observed carbon and lithium abundances in NGC 6397, highlighting the need for further observational and theoretical work.

## Contribution

It introduces a temperature-dependent diffusive scheme for thermohaline mixing that improves agreement with observed stellar surface abundances.

## Key findings

- Modified diffusive scheme fits observed abundances in NGC 6397
- Faster mixing in hotter regions, slower in cooler regions
- Two stream mixing approach was less successful

## Abstract

Thermohaline mixing is a favoured mechanism for the so-called "extra mixing" on the red giant branch of low-mass stars. The mixing is triggered by the molecular weight inversion created above the hydrogen shell during first dredge-up when helium-3 burns via 3He(3He,2p)4He. The standard 1D diffusive mixing scheme cannot simultaneously match carbon and lithium abundances to NGC 6397 red giants. We investigate two modifications to the standard scheme: (1) an advective two stream mixing algorithm, and (2) modifications to the standard 1D thermohaline mixing formalism. We cannot simultaneously match carbon and lithium abundances using our two stream mixing approach. However we develop a modified diffusive scheme with an explicit temperature dependence that can simultaneously fit carbon and lithium abundances to NGC 6397 stars. Our modified diffusive scheme induces mixing that is faster than the standard theory predicts in the hotter part of the thermohaline region and mixing that is slower in the cooler part. Our results infer that the extra mixing mechanism needs further investigation and more observations are required, particularly for stars in different clusters spanning a range in metallicity.