Elliptic Transverse Circulation Equations for Balanced Models in a Generalized Vertical Coordinate

TL;DR

This paper develops a general method to derive elliptic transverse circulation equations in various vertical coordinates, enhancing modeling flexibility for tropical cyclones and other atmospheric circulations.

Contribution

It introduces a unified approach for deriving elliptic equations in generalized vertical coordinates, accommodating height, pressure, sigma, and hybrid systems.

Findings

Applicable to multiple vertical coordinate systems.

Facilitates modeling of tropical cyclones and polar circulations.

Discusses advantages and disadvantages of different coordinates.

Abstract

When studying tropical cyclones using the $f$-plane, axisymmetric, gradient balanced model, there arises a second-order elliptic equation for the transverse circulation. Similarly, when studying zonally symmetric meridional circulations near the equator (the tropical Hadley cells) or the katabatically forced meridional circulation over Antarctica, there also arises a second order elliptic equation. These elliptic equations are usually derived in the pressure coordinate or the potential temperature coordinate, since the thermal wind equation has simple non-Jacobian forms in these two vertical coordinates. Because of the large variations in surface pressure that can occur in tropical cyclones and over the Antarctic ice sheet, there is interest in using other vertical coordinates, e.g., the height coordinate, the classical $\sigma$-coordinate, or some type of hybrid coordinate typically used in global numerical weather prediction or climate models. Because the thermal wind equation in these coordinates takes a Jacobian form, the derivation of the elliptic transverse circulation equation is not as simple. Here we present a method for deriving the elliptic transverse circulation equation in a generalized vertical coordinate, which allows for many particular vertical coordinates, such as height, pressure, log-pressure, potential temperature, classical $\sigma$, and most hybrid cases. Advantages and disadvantages of the various coordinates are discussed.