# Updated sunspot group number reconstruction for 1749-1996 using the active day fraction method

## TL;DR

This paper presents a revised sunspot group number series for 1749-1996 using an updated active day fraction method, revealing significant features of solar activity variability and the modern grand maximum.

## Contribution

The study introduces an improved sunspot group number reconstruction for 1749-1996 based on an updated ADF method and revised observational data, enhancing the accuracy of solar activity records.

## Key findings

- The Greenwich dataset is stable since the 1890s but underestimated before that.
- Wolfer's observations declined in quality from the 1880s to 1920s.
- The 20th century experienced a grand maximum of solar activity, 1.33-1.77 times higher than earlier centuries.

## Abstract

Sunspot number series are composed from observations of hundreds of different observers that requires careful normalization of the observers to the standard conditions. Here we present a new normalized series of the number of sunspot groups for the period 1749-1996. The reconstruction is based on the active day fraction (ADF) method, which is slightly updated with respect to the previous works, and a revised database of sunspot group observations. Stability of some key solar observers has been evaluated against the composite series. The Royal Greenwich Observatory dataset appears fairly stable since the 1890s but is about 10% too low before that. A declining trend of 10-15% in the quality of Wolfer's observation is found between the 1880s and 1920s, suggesting that using him as the reference observer may lead to additional uncertainties. Wolf (small telescope) appears fairly stable between the 1860s and 1890s, without any obvious trend. The new reconstruction reflects the centennial variability of solar activity as evaluated using the singular spectrum analysis method. It depicts a highly significant feature of the Modern grand maximum of solar activity in the second half of the 20th century, being a factor 1.33-1.77 higher than during the 18-19th centuries. The new series of the sunspot group numbers with monthly and annual resolution, available also in the electronic format, is provided forming a basis for new studies of the solar variability and solar dynamo for the last 250 years.