# Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that a single super-Earth can create multiple disk gaps and rings in protoplanetary disks, which are observable with ALMA, providing insights into planet formation processes.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel simulation approach showing how a super-Earth induces multiple gaps and rings in gas and dust distributions, matching observed features in disks like HL Tau.

## Key findings

- Super-Earths open double gaps in low-viscosity disks.
- Dust accumulates into rings at gap edges and between gaps.
- Double gaps are detectable with ALMA at high resolution.

## Abstract

We investigate the observational signatures of super-Earths (i.e., Earth-to-Neptune mass planets) in their natal disks of gas and dust. Combining two-fluid global hydrodynamics simulations with a radiative transfer code, we calculate the distributions of gas and of sub-mm-sized dust in a disk perturbed by a super-Earth, synthesizing images in near-infrared scattered light and the mm-wave thermal continuum for direct comparison with observations. In low viscosity gas ($\alpha\lesssim10^{-4}$), a super-Earth opens two annular gaps to either side of its orbit by the action of Lindblad torques. This double gap and its associated gas pressure gradients cause dust particles to be dragged by gas into three rings: one ring sandwiched between the two gaps, and two rings located at the gap edges farthest from the planet. Depending on system parameters, additional rings may manifest for a single planet. A double gap located at tens of AUs from a host star in Taurus can be detected in the dust continuum by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) at an angular resolution of ~0".03 after two hours of integration. Ring and gap features persist in a variety of background disk profiles, last for thousands of orbits, and change their relative positions and dimensions depending on the speed and direction of planet migration. Candidate double gaps have been observed by ALMA in systems like HL Tau (D5 and D6) and TW Hya (at 37 and 43 AU); we submit that each double gap is carved by one super-Earth in nearly inviscid gas.